2Nd grade worksheets place value: Grade 2 Place Value and Rounding Worksheets — free & printable

Topic

Exercise 272 (orally on assignment in the textbook)

Exercise 273 (written on assignment in the textbook)

d/s:

Paragraph 48

Exercise 267 (writing on assignment in the textbook )

04.12.2020 Russian language worksheet

Common nouns

Following homework

Independently.

My brother Vitya is a real bully. Sister Olya is known to everyone … quiet. This… little… fidget Dasha could not… sit still for a minute.

Insert missing endings, explain your choice. Explain the placement of the dash in the first and second sentences.

The whole kennel suddenly rose up, sensing the gray bully so close. But admit it, there are five or six of your gossips such wimps! Ah, you glutton, ah, villain! How noisy here, ignoramus! And crowds of onlookers followed the elephant.

Find common nouns. If possible, indicate their gender. How do we know these proposals?

Frontal operation.

Dirty, coffee, hummingbird, greedy, roaring, piano, fawning, muddler, muffler, kiwi, touchy, lady, sissy, chimpanzee.

What groups can words be divided into? By what principle?

In which of the columns can the gender of nouns be determined? Let’s do it!

Why is it impossible to determine the gender of nouns in another column without additional information? What do I need to do?

Intrigue.

Teacher’s word

The main problem in studying common nouns is the ability to combine them correctly with adjectives and past tense verbs. However, this difficulty arises not only with these words!

Analysis of language material

Teacher, architect, doctor

What gender are these nouns? (Masculine, because initially these are male professions. However, in the modern world, women can also be in these professions. This raises a grammatical problem: how to correctly combine these words with adjectives and past tense verbs.)

How to correctly enter them into sentences? Let’s try to finish it!

The strict… teacher Smirnova entered… the class.

Let’s arrange the endings. To do this, I propose to build on the syntactic structure of the sentence. (Strict teacher Smirnova entered the classroom.)

Rearrange the sentence by changing the gender of the teacher. Any difficulties? Why? (Strict teacher Petrov entered the classroom. )

Working with the textbook

Carefully read the textbook article, retell (page 146)

Topic movement.

Letter of comment

The well-known… Dr. Ivanova spoke… at the conference.

Talented… architect Sidorova presented… the project of the bridge.

Young… laboratory assistant Zinochka washed… test tubes.

Skilled… turner Vakunov turned… a detail.

Benevolent… therapist Kushnaryova received… an award.

Insert the appropriate endings, explaining your choice.

Designing proposals.

… head teacher Konstantinova …

… director Chikovinskaya …

… teacher Tugolukova …

I propose to work with the names and positions of well-known people! This is the head teacher, director and me.

Enter these word combinations into sentences. Be sure to use the adjective and verb in the past tense.

Homework.

exercise 279 (in writing according to the assignment in the textbook)

textbook article (page 146)

«Speak with memes.

» How a teacher from Yaroslavl makes workbooks that delight schoolchildren

Vasily Razumov, a literature teacher from Yaroslavl, was once inspired by the ideas of his colleague Sofia Lebedeva, “Teacher of the Year 2021” from St. Petersburg, who makes bright and engaging workbooks for lessons literature. Together with the Yaroslavl artist Anton Alekseev, Vasily began to make the same ones for his students. And he showed us what he did and told us why it was necessary.

Freedom for the teacher

Most literature textbooks evoke a range of emotions in teachers from irritation to outright boredom. The root of evil here is that the textbook imposes a certain reading: “Great-Russian-folk-blah-blah-blah”. The workbook frees you from the textbook. She herself, in fact, becomes such a textbook. When designing it, the teacher himself decides where he will focus and from what angle he will reveal the topic. The teacher himself determines the font, color, heading and format of the assignments of his notebook. The teacher himself determines how much time and effort he will spend on preparing the worksheet.

Vasily Razumov

Accessibility for everyone

Purely technically, a workbook requires a minimum of resources: you need a computer with Internet access and a color printer (I print my notebooks myself, but you can ask students to help). You can work in Designer or Canva editors, or you can do everything in ordinary PowerPoint. By the way, students also cope with this with a bang — they even developed workbooks for me and conducted a lesson on them on the topic «Innovation in the comedy of A. S. Griboedov.» Even in such editors it is convenient to make infographics — we, for example, made one for the heroes of Onegin.

Omnivorous format

If you are not teaching literature, but you still read up to this point, then you did it for a reason: the workbook adjusts to the task of any subject. This is a very human format, and nothing human is alien to it: biology, history, mathematics — we all filled out official workbooks in these subjects while studying at school. What’s stopping you from doing better? Within the framework of literature, it doesn’t matter whether we are studying the writer’s biography or questions of Pushkin’s poetics — the notebook will swallow everything.

Full immersion

Despite the fact that the format of such notebooks has been known for a long time, and many teachers make them themselves and even sell them, all this is a drop in the sea of ​​the education system. And therefore, when you bring such a notebook to the class, the return from the students is complete and instant. A beautiful worksheet is just nice to look at. You want to hold it in your hands, you want to take it home, and, of course, you want to understand what it is about. And that means reading this Onegin at last.

Looking at the monotonous text from the textbook, many guys simply do not make a connection between the concepts of «literature» and «beauty». The workbook allows you to return this connection. The result is unequivocal — complete immersion. I’m not talking about the fact that filling out a notebook goes in parallel with the lesson. So the student simply does not have time for either idleness or boredom. By the way, two sheets are consistently enough for me for a lesson or two.

Disguising banality

Not everything we do at school is interesting to us. Sometimes you have to deal with the necessary routine. Well, how, for example, to do without a comparative description of Onegin and Lensky? Where to put this notorious two-column sign? It can be disguised. Here is how it is on this sheet with Onegin and Lensky:

In fact, all the same two columns, but the parameters for comparing heroes are beautifully divided into frames, and this does not cause boredom from the usual format. And it won’t, because frames can be changed from table to table. Sometimes this allows you to mask the banality, and sometimes to understand that there is no banality.

Functional reading? It!

Recently, philologists have been stressed by the fact that reading should be functional. This implies that any text of a work of art must be inscribed in the context of the era when it was created. And, perhaps, it is even useful for understanding the text. Another question is what should a poor teacher do? How to enter the text into the context so that the student does not fall asleep? Here, perhaps, a workbook is one of such formats.

In the worksheets for the third chapter of «Eugene Onegin» I placed a frame in the form of a smartphone screen with a Google translator, only the translation there is required not from English into Russian, but from Tatyana’s language into the language of her nanny, who obviously does not understand book expressions of his ward. Here is the context of relationships and mutual understanding (not the same!) nobles and peasants of the Pushkin era!

Semiotics, or why Olga is a lily of the valley

Still, a story with functional reading is just about a story. The workbook allows you to combine historical references with cultural references and do it in a fairly capacious way. For example, you can not only read the description of Tatyana’s sister (Pushkin gives her only a couple of stanzas), but discuss why Olga «bloomed like a hidden lily of the valley, / Unknown in the deaf grass / Neither moths nor a bee.» In a word, all types of references can be integrated into this format.

By the way, spoiler: “Lily of the valley is not just a traditional symbol of purity (Olga’s purity is a debatable issue). Pushkin focuses on the «closedness» of the flower, inaccessibility. Olga in the second chapter is closed from the outside world.

Draw something on Lensky

The golden rule of pedagogy is that the student must do what he wants, but he must want what the teacher requires. The student often wants to paint a black eye on this or that portrait. Therefore, comparing Onegin and Lensky, we completed the face of the latter. What is education here? Instead of lines and contours, it was necessary to use cliched lines of romantic poetry, the brainchild of which is Lensky himself. And from here it is not far to the characteristics of the character, and to the correlation of the concepts of «face» and «personality» at the most different levels. In a word, the depth of the task is obvious (or “on the face”?). Although, it would seem, the form is very hooligan.

In general, a workbook accepts any kind of creative assignment. From text and drawing to quilling and flower arrangement. We tried all this in class and at homework, and all this is about the first paragraph of this article — about freedom.

I turned your leaf!

When creating a worksheet, it is useful to remember that it is a sheet. And that he has space, and that this space can be used to amuse his inner methodist. Since we are talking about Onegin today, let’s remember Tatyana’s dream. This whole episode is connected with the motif of a mirror: in a dream, as in a mirror, the plot of the novel is reflected and reversed. Therefore, I do half of the questions on the sheet about Tatyana’s dream upside down, and the students must guess what motive is responsible for this turning over.

Not only paper

A workbook is also good because it can be used to integrate links to different types of text onto paper. For example, I post QR codes with links to lectures from Arzamas, to Lotman’s commentary or articles by other scientists. This technique makes the teenager’s gadget an ally of the teacher.

In your own words

It’s the same story about official wording from textbooks and manuals. Where there is no strength to digest them, the same workbook comes to the rescue. In it, you can, without betraying yourself, speak with a student in the language that is organic to you. If it is convenient for you to speak in memes and this corresponds to your pedagogical task, then speak in memes. A workbook is a field for finding a common language between a teacher and a student.

For me, for example, it’s natural to call homework «homework». True, the school administration washed my head for this, and the suffix «-echk-» was replaced by «-enk-«. It turned out «homemade». Do not load the guys with this heavy «homework».

The question of language is always a question of balance: the teacher is looking for words that he likes and at the same time is accessible to the student. Here you can neither fly away to the empyrean, nor slide into familiarity. And yes, balance is a subtle art, but, they say, the freedom with which we started this text lives precisely at the edge of this art.

GDZ Literature Grade 4 Workbook Efrosinina Reshebnik

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If a primary school student has problems with the study of literary works, use «GDZ in Literature Grade 4 Efrosinin’s workbook (Ventana-Count)» . This fascinating discipline is often perceived as a kind of addition to the Russian language, but despite their close connection, one should not forget that this is an independent subject. It is impossible to belittle the benefits that reading fiction brings to children. It is thanks to them that we get an example of the competent use of native speech and expand our vocabulary.

Why it is worth using the online solution workbook on literature for grade 4 from Efrosinina

Often in the learning process, a situation arises when the teacher does not have free time to analyze in more detail a topic that is incomprehensible to his wards. Moms and dads are not able to provide the child with the necessary support, and in this case, what should a young graduate do? Of course, seek help from additional sources of information. However, and this is very important, you should trust only those resources that have been repeatedly tested and can guarantee the accuracy of the information provided. For example, such as this online guide. Many will say that children only thoughtlessly write off the correct answers from the GDZ, but this is not so. Thanks to such benefits, a fourth-grader will not only receive ready-made solutions, but will also acquire motivation for self-education, and will no longer be afraid to be active at school.

Advantages of the solver

The list of positive aspects when interacting with «GDZ to the workbook on literature for grade 4 Efrosinina L. A. (Ventana-count)» includes:

• round-the-clock free access;
• simple and understandable language of presentation;
• download from absolutely any device;
• mobile application support;
• user-friendly interface, which is easy to understand;
• quick search in the table;
• correct design of examples in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.

Parents will definitely note the good effect of online GDZ on their child. He will delight them with the high level of his performance. Thanks to such a positive example, the performance of all the other children in the class can also increase.

Quick search

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Educational and methodological complex is an excellent tool that will help fourth-graders cope with all the difficulties of understanding the thematic material, and delve into the specific features of the subject.

The need to study the literature

Literary reading is a basic discipline that forms the worldview and spiritual image of students. Mastering the subject accompanies schoolchildren throughout the entire learning path and its main goals are:

1. Development of creative abilities, imagination and memory.
2. Improvement in all types of speech activity.
3. Introducing children to reading fiction.

In addition, the subject forms a complete picture of the world, instills aesthetic taste and expands the reader’s horizons.

The structure and composition of the collection of literary reading for grade 4 Efrosinin’s workbook

Doing homework, which takes a lot of time, is also very few people like it. Therefore, at the initial stage of training, the guys face many problems. And parents are not always there to come to the rescue at any time. If you do not intervene and do not correct the situation, then from this school year, children will begin to be hostile to the school. The curriculum of the fourth grade will introduce children to the work of such authors as Fet, Nekrasov, Bazhov, Aksakov, Kuprin, and others. the idea of ​​the plot of the story, and express their attitude to what they read. In order to understand the topic and not experience problems in the learning process, experts recommend using the help of an online collection.

How GDZ will help in literary reading for grade 4 to a notebook author: Efrosinina L. A.

The online collection contains the most understandable and correct answers. They are detailed in absolutely every task of the textbook. With their help, a young student will be able not only to work through and consolidate previously covered topics, but also:

• quickly and efficiently complete homework;
• «excellent» to prepare for the current survey in the lesson;
• significantly save time and effort to find the information you need.

Using the solution is easy and simple. Its structure is similar to the textbook, and the order of the exercise numbers is the same, so finding the right answer will not be difficult. A huge advantage of the manual is the electronic format. It allows you to use the collection around the clock from any device, be it a phone or tablet. GDZ will greatly facilitate and simplify the learning process, plus the student will always be fully equipped before any independent work in the classroom.

How to open a restoration workshop

Polina Chernyshova

learned how to restore doors and windows

Author profile

Sergei and I met at a punk concert when we were 17 years old.

After school, I studied as an architect, and Sergey studied architecture and local history at the Pedagogical Institute. Along the way, he taught at the school. In 2012, we opened a carpentry workshop in the basement — «Strela Partnership». When we started, we thought about making furniture according to our own designs, decorating bars. For some time it was. Sometimes they took orders for restoration.

Thanks to word of mouth, we got more orders and more equipment. To expand, we moved to a new spacious workshop in the city center. After four years of work, gentrification came there, and I had to urgently move. So we ended up in Petrogradka.

Ivan Feodoridi

opened a workshop for the restoration of windows and doors

Sergey Semenov

co-founder of the workshop

Because of the move, we fell into a financial hole, the desire to engage in remake disappeared. Then they decided to restore the old one — windows and doors 19-20 centuries. We had a creative crisis, and restoration began to bring more satisfaction from work.

Ivan Feodoridi

opened a workshop for the restoration of windows and doors

Sergey Semenov

co-founder of the workshop

Sergey and I met at a punk concert when we were 17 years old.

After school, I studied as an architect, and Sergey studied architecture and local history at the Pedagogical Institute. Along the way, he taught at the school. In 2012, we opened a carpentry workshop in the basement. When we started, we thought about making furniture according to our own designs, decorating bars. For some time it was. Sometimes they took orders for restoration.

Thanks to word of mouth, we got more orders and more equipment. To expand, we moved to a new spacious workshop in the city center. After four years of work, gentrification came there, and I had to urgently move. So we ended up in Petrogradka.

Due to the move, we fell into a financial hole, the desire to do remakes disappeared. Then they decided to restore the old — windows and doors of the 19th-20th centuries. We had a creative crisis, and restoration began to bring more satisfaction from work.

Polina Chernyshova

learned how to restore doors and windows

Author profile

At some point, they even thought about closing the workshop, but saved a large restoration order from an IT specialist. Another customer volunteered to help us set up a workflow. Now we continue to restore windows and doors, teach architecture to children.

We met after a punk concert

Since childhood, I have been drawing, first under the guidance of my mother, and since the fifth grade I went to art school. I opened the telephone directory — there was no Internet then, I couldn’t google it — and found the address of the artist closest to my house.

When he graduated from 11th grade at school, he entered the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, GASU as an architect.

The profession of an architect seemed to me more applied than that of an artist. Then I realized that working as an architect in Russia means sitting in an office at a computer and making drawings, visualizations and, in general, just selling my ability to work. It is impossible to develop creatively in this way. In addition, to be a successful architect, you need to engage in self-promotion — go to parties, sell face. This is a separate work, I did not like it.

/architecture/

Business: architectural bureau

During our studies, the master teachers told us not to hope to get an interesting job after graduation. After the first year of training, it became clear that they were right. Perhaps if I took up interior design, I would be able to creatively realize myself. I have examples of close friends who have succeeded in this. But I wanted to work with outdoor architecture more, it was not interesting to equip houses and apartments inside.

I studied at the university for two years, and then transferred to the same specialty at the Nevsky Institute of Design at the IPA EurAsEC. This is a private educational institution. It was taught by masters from the Stieglitz Academy, but the atmosphere in a private university was friendlier than in a state one.

At SASU, I quarreled with teachers — they lowered my grades because they thought I was homosexual because of my appearance. I wore long hair and stripes on my clothes. I encountered homophobia without being gay. I know that our headman spread the rumors. The teacher brought me down on exams and did not allow me to take additional retakes when I needed them. He was more loyal to other classmates.

At a private university, no one cared about the appearance of the students. I could retake exams there four times instead of three, but I needed it. I had a big workload at school — I got a lot of homework, and also worked part-time to have money for a living. He worked as a waiter, a night administrator in a hostel, designed posters for pop and rock concerts, and designed prints for T-shirts.

Since school, in my free time from studying and drawing, I have been going to punk concerts. When I was 17, I met Sergei after a concert at the Moloko club.

On the way to the subway, I saw Sergey sticking some kind of sticker with an anti-capitalist message on a pole. I asked for one and gave mine in return. We agreed to ride skateboards — and so they became friends.

At that time, Sergey was studying at the Herzen Pedagogical University at the Department of Methods of Teaching History and Local History. He entered there on a budget. He chose the direction because he liked the city and he wanted to study it. In the magistracy, he continued to delve into the history of St. Petersburg and local history, combining his studies with teaching at school. Sergei was invited to work at the school by the wife of the supervisor, for whom he wrote a work on northern modern architecture.

At the end of the master’s program, Sergei quit — according to him, the school did not leave energy for other classes. He taught four subjects for children from the 5th to the 11th grades. The supervisor was offended by his dismissal and sent him to defend his thesis for the next year, threatening with a triple for the project if he insisted on passing this year. I had to make a choice: go to the army or continue to study, but in a different place, so as not to serve.

/lick-my-brick/

“Sometimes I can’t answer a customer’s request”: how a foreman started a concrete furniture business

Instead of the army, Sergei entered the restoration school on Marine Corps Street.

Viktor Tsoi once studied there, and later a number of Sergei’s buddies. From them he learned about the school.

The system at the school was simple and convenient: if an applicant had 11 classes behind him, he could get any profession from those presented there in a year. Sergei graduated as a restorer of wood products, received the fourth category. Along the way, he wrote his master’s thesis in order to get «excellent» for it, and not a three. With a bad grade, he could not enter graduate school. When he graduated from college, he brought his master’s work back to the university. He was given five for her.

After that, Sergei went to graduate school at the Faculty of Art History. He passed the candidate minimum after studying for three years. True, he did not defend his diploma. Then Sergei already had a wife and a child. He realized that if he spent the whole year doing a graduate project, he would not be able to earn money and take care of his family. Now Sergey is teaching again, but this time restoration.

/icon-painter-and-restorer/

“In small towns it is difficult for people to pay that much”: how much does an icon restorer earn

Earned 160,000 R on the first order

After graduating from the restoration school, Sergey worked as a carpenter on the restoration of the Trubetskoy-Naryshkin Palace. Then he assembled furniture at the Rigel factory. I worked in the furniture industry, made drawings. In our free time from our main work, we took projects from our friends.

We were ordered children’s toys made of wood, racks and cabinets for shops. All this was some kind of trifle that could be made right on the site or at home. We didn’t need a workshop for this.

In 2012, Sergey’s cousin asked me to make a counter for a coffee shop in a shopping center. For us, this was the first big project with a budget of 300,000 R. Then we both left our other jobs. It was impossible to combine, we worked on the order from 10 am to 10 pm.

300,000 R

was the budget of our first big project

Part of the money from the first order was spent on renting a workshop. We found a room in the basement of a house on Mokhovaya. A month of renting a small room of 13 m² cost 14,000 R. It was so small that you could reach the ceilings with your hand.

When we first tried painting in the workshop of a product, even without a respirator, it was terrible. We seriously violated safety regulations. According to the rules, we had to allocate a separate room for painting. Pictured is a paint booth in our new workshop

. Also, we did not immediately comply with fire safety rules. In the carpentry industry, wires must be insulated, fire extinguishers must be installed, and safe exits are needed there. At the start, we didn’t have any of this, except for one fire extinguisher.

At that time, we could not have found a better place for a workshop, for example, in a factory. In addition, we did not have enough money, and the order for the rack had to be completed urgently.

Coffee stand made from birch plywood. We came up with the drawing and design ourselves, for which we were separately paid 25,000 R. I decided to show off and join the tabletop boards into plug-in tenon grooves. A spike is a protrusion on two sides of the board, a groove is a recess on the opposite. To connect the boards, it is necessary that all the spikes enter the grooves and hold tightly there. Additionally, you need glue and staples, nails and self-tapping screws, as well as tools for screwing or hammering them. Now I understand that it was possible to save money and make it easier.

Painted the rack with oil — rubbed it over the surface with rags. Looking back, again, I understand that we made a bad decision. The oil is great for home countertops, for decorating toys. To cover the coffee counter in the mall, it was necessary to choose a water-based enamel so that it does not stink. For wear resistance, the rack could be coated with solvent-based polyurethane paints.

/igrushki-iz-dereva/

There is no demand for manual labor in Russia: we make wooden toys and sell them in the USA

From other expenses — we paid 80,000 R for materials, for two screwdrivers, pine plywood, oils and waxes for finishing. To save money, we assembled a sawing machine with our own hands — they screwed the parquet, a hand-held electric saw, to the table. With this design, we sawed large sheets of plywood along the length. Sergey took a grinder and a miter saw from the dacha. The last one was cut across long wooden bars. It was a hellish collective farm for three rubles. Now we do not work on manual equipment, but use machine tools.

Earned 160,000 R on the order and divided the money into two. They did not invest in a workshop, buying more convenient equipment. We had to pay for apartments, and we also went on vacation. At first, we didn’t have a financial plan. Everything that was earned was used for household expenses and rent for the workshop.

Workshop opening in 2013

Total expenses

115 000 R

Materials

80 000 000 R

Equipment

18 000 R

9000 orders in a row

After the counter, we received small orders, one after the other. We took on everything. At some point, only bars were made. We realized that we wanted to delve into one topic, and not spread out on different ones. There are a lot of directions in the carpentry craft — you can make furniture to order, engage in restoration, painting. I have friends who specialize only in pool cues.

Bars happened spontaneously. For example, Sergey drank in the burger «Bureau» together with the founders of the project. They met when Sergey worked as a waiter in one of the St. Petersburg cafes. The guys often came there. At the meeting, Sergey said that he was engaged in carpentry, invited him to the workshop on Mokhovaya.

Table and chairs for the «Zaliv» drink shop on Nekrasova By that time we had already got our hands on it and there were no particular difficulties

A few days later, the guys offered us to make a bar for their new network burger shop on Petrogradka. We assembled a stand, sofas, tables, wooden structures for decoration, a door for them. This time we were given ready-made drawings, our task was only to make everything. Got it done in a month.

Sergei believes that they believed in us. In my opinion, the advantage was that we did everything cheaply.

Estimates at that time were calculated on the knee, in isolation from the market.

After this order, new customers came to us — we built the Zaliv winery on Nekrasov Street, the dance floor and Mishka bars.

The order from Mishka was received through word of mouth. We made bar counters, chairs, a DJ stand, benches in the hall. There were no difficulties, because by that time many bars had already been made.

According to their drawings, a huge bar counter, tables, stools, countertops were made for the «Dance Pavilion», decorative slats were nailed to the wall. They also made some small nonsense like salt and pepper shakers on the tables. These things don’t make money. In order to make a profit from such work, it is necessary to set up the entire workflow only for salt shakers, pepper shakers and other trifles. Another job is monotonous, not creative. No joy from her. They took it only out of inexperience.

At the same time, for the first time, we began to take on restoration projects. We restored doors in Lidval’s house on Petrogradka, old clocks, chests of drawers. There were many Thonet Viennese chairs. These chairs have the same story as the pepper pots. They took a lot of time, and we got zero output.

/samolety/

Business: production of furniture from old airplanes

Cabinets, rack and bookshelves for the Hermitage

After the first small orders, it became clear that we wanted to run a business legally. I got an IP, without which we could not cooperate with large customers. We have become more attentive to safety rules at work.

After the bars, furniture was made from plywood. We then moved to another workshop — there was not enough space on Mokhovaya. But I’ll tell you about this later.

In 2015, employees of the Hermitage contacted us. We ordered plywood furniture for a new store at the museum — two huge wardrobes, five meters high and three meters wide, a reception desk, bookshelves. The budget was 450,000 R.

450,000 R

was the budget for furniture for the Hermitage store

I know that they wrote to several companies and chose us because we just answered first. They liked the estimate — at that time we were dumping because we did not know market prices.

The Hermitage set very strict requirements: they were given a month to work, they strictly designated the day and time for unloading, assembling and installing furniture in the store. If the deadlines were missed, they would pay from 0.15% to 15% of the fee for each day of delay.

To fulfill the Hermitage’s order, we bought normal manual equipment. It was not a shame to work with him. We have the first sawing machine. He helped to cut boards and wood smoothly, cleanly and quickly. In addition to the machine, they bought a hand saw. In 2016, it cost 50,000-60,000 R, and now about 200,000 R.

The investment was worth it, we recaptured it on the very first order she filled. Instead of a saw, you could buy a panel saw for 400,000-500,000 R. But we figured out how to perform the same operations with a small saw and spend less money. In addition, we would not be able to place a huge machine in a small workshop.

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There were also stupid investments. Once we bought a lathe for 30,000 R. We wanted to sharpen legs for chairs and conical profiles for binding their backs. But they did not find time for experiments. The machine stood idle for two or three years, taking up space, after which we sold it.

We were dissatisfied with the work with the Hermitage. We were given little time, and we asked to send drawings as soon as possible and promptly answer questions. But the guys ignored us. We called them, they promised that they would send everything soon. In fact, they returned to us in two or three days. At the same time, on the customer’s social networks, I saw him hanging out and drinking somewhere.

Faced with labor exploitation

After the bookstore in the Hermitage, we moved to a new workshop. Then the restaurateurs again turned to us and asked us to arrange a Serbian bar. By that time, we had already eaten the dog at the bars, understood how everything worked, and agreed.

The customers suggested dividing the work into stages: the first stage was to hang the pallets on the ceiling in the bar. It was a decorative element of the space. Pallets are the most common, you can see them in grocery stores.

Then they promised that in the second stage we would make countertops and bar counters for them. But the contract with us was concluded only for the first stage of work. They said they would extend it — this did not happen. We took on the most unprofitable part of the work, and the customer gave the one we planned to make money to another team.

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I make furniture for the apartment myself

This is how we first encountered the cynical exploitation of labor. At first glance, hanging pallets from the ceiling is not difficult. But in reality, this is low-paid hard physical labor. You need to bring the pallets to the workshop, sand them to remove bumps and defects on the surface. After they need to be painted, delivered to the bar, raised under the ceiling, attached with a perforator.

For this work, we hired craftsmen and paid them out of our own pocket. In addition, the pallets were hung in several tiers, one on top of the other. Everything had to be calculated so that in the future they would not fall on the heads of visitors. For half a month we were busy with this project, we didn’t earn anything, we just spent our strength and nerves.

The hole in the budget was closed for a month. I had to ask for a deferment on rent in a new workshop.

A few years later, the owners of this bar called us and asked us to remove the pallets to cover them with fireproof impregnation and hang them back. We calculated the estimate and issued a check for 300,000 R. They refused.

After this story, we drew conclusions: we began to discuss all the stages of work on projects unknown to us until the conclusion of the contract. We discuss everything personally, invite the customer to the workshop. This is how a person understands how our work is built and why we want a certain amount for it. We also leave floating graphs in the estimate. For example, we offer to pay for paint and varnish materials by check, because the cost of consumables is constantly changing.

I recommend that young beginner carpenters do not follow the empirical path, but seek advice from older comrades. Feel free to write to me or Sergey on Instagram. We will advise you on what materials to use, where to get them, and in what sequence to do the work. Unfortunately, when we started, we didn’t know who to turn to for help.

The Instagram social network belongs to Meta, an organization whose activities are recognized as extremist and banned in the territory of the Russian Federation

It is not necessary to consult with the builders. As a rule, builders think in slightly different categories than carpenters and, moreover, restorers. Their credo regarding old furniture and doors is to throw it away and put in a new one. But you can do it differently.

Another important skill is to be able to explain to a beginner how to do a job properly. Not all carpenters and restorers have this skill. I think we can explain. Sergey studied at a pedagogical university and now teaches restoration at a private design center, and I teach architecture and layout design.

We moved to a larger workshop

Before taking on an order from the Hermitage, we moved to a spacious workshop in the Peski business center on Moiseenko Street. The floor space has doubled. We also had unpleasant neighbors on Mokhovaya, whom the police began to visit. We wanted to invite customers and not be ashamed of our workplace.

Customers usually come to us to sign a contract, to see how the material looks under different finishing methods, to touch it. Photos are not enough for this.

Workshop found on Cyan. We wanted it to be close to the center. I live in the center, so I can get to work faster by bike. If we were on the outskirts of the city, this would complicate logistics. In addition, it is more convenient to send products to customers from the center.

How to rent a business space: step-by-step instructions

This is our workshop in Peski after renovation And this is after we left there. But this story — and how we had to move out because of aggressive businessmen from Murmansk — I will tell a little later

We were given a two-week rental vacation. During this time, we installed an exhaust hood, took out the garbage, made cosmetic repairs on our own, installed electricity, and bought fire extinguishers. According to fire safety requirements for industrial premises, it is necessary to use powder fire extinguishers. These are pears that burst when heated and powder pours out of them. He puts out the fire.

We also divided the workshops — allocated rooms for a warehouse, machine tools and a paint room. Then the guys left the neighboring hangar, and we occupied another 60 m². It was equipped as a locker room, office and dining room. For a three-room apartment they paid 20,000 R per month, for a hangar — 15,000 R. A communal apartment costs 5,000 R, in winter it is more expensive due to heating by about 2,500 R.

35,000 R

we paid for the rent of the workshop

We did the repair slowly ourselves. Every month they spent 3,000–5,000 RUR on it. Of the big expenses, they installed windows for 45,000 RUR. They also made a locker room, an office, a dining room in the hangar — 50,000 RUR were spent on it.

— panel saw, for example. They changed the jointer — they sold the old one and took another better one. Bought a compressor for painting. The rest was bought by small things — milling cutters and grinders. In total, it cost 22,000 R. In total, in Peski we had a huge six-hundred-kilogram planer, a large three-phase milling machine and a three-phase Soviet drilling machine.

Panel saw. But the photo was already taken in the new workshop

To transport the equipment, manipulators were ordered — trucks with cranes. With their help, you can lift heavy equipment up. Sergey found a company specializing in this at Avito. He explained that for loading, a winch and several experienced workers would be needed to disassemble the machine, load it, and then unload it.

The foreman, with whom Sergei spoke, did not arrive on the day of loading. Instead, he sent only young guys. They did not understand how to work with the machine correctly. We had to lead the guys, disassemble the machine ourselves, pull it out and, with the help of the workers, drag it into the truck. When we finished the transportation, we paid only the guys, but refused to pay for the manipulator, because the foreman let us down.

Expenses for moving to a new workshop

Total expenses

275 000 R

Format-shuttle machine

105 000 R

Lapel, Office, Dining room

9000 50 000 000 R

Windows

45 000 000 000 Rede

35 000 R

Purchase of materials

22 000 R

Transportation of equipment

8000 r

Communist

5000 R

Repair

5000 R

Order from a tea store fed us two years

for some time made small orders for the cafe «Coffee in the kitchen». They supplied coffee to the Oz tea shop. When «Oz» needed new furniture and decorative items, the guys from the cafe advised us to contact us. We received a test task.

First they made a mirror, then a table. And then the managers of «Oz» said that they were opening new stores. And all the furniture for these stores was offered to be made by us.

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Most business problems can be solved if there is enough money in circulation

«Oz» fed us for two years, we did not need other orders. We are still taking care of her. The equipment was upgraded with the proceeds from the order. It was in 2018, when our rental rate was low and the materials were inexpensive. In general, we raised production, hired assistants. The four of us began to work — friends joined us.

Furniture was sent by transport companies on relay trains. We worked with different companies, there were troubles everywhere, but PEK turned out to be the worst. They delivered a shattered order to Novosibirsk, the cost of which was 850,000 R. We argued with PEK — they offered a discount on the next transportation as compensation. But we didn’t use it.

The customer needed to insure the shipment in order to recover the damage. But usually customers don’t want to pay for it. The second option is to choose a different type of sending. For example, to carry by personal transport or by truck, but this is also expensive. Before Novosibirsk, a truck cost 80,000 R a couple of years ago, to Moscow — 25,000 R.

To send orders in St. Petersburg, we use the cargo «Yandex-taxi». We tried to offer loaders to work with us constantly directly, but they refused. They said it was company policy not to do that. We don’t want to involve Shabashnikovs, random people to work. Although they agree to work without an aggregator, they do not know how to carefully transport furniture.

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Before shipping, we try to protect the furniture: we wrap it in stretch, cardboard, lay corners, put it in a paint box so that the customer can paint the product on the spot if scratches appear on it.

New move from the workshop

There was a cool atmosphere in the workshop in Sands. We made friends with neighbors, grilled shish kebab in the open area inside the business center, and had parties. The owner of the business center himself often visited the place, hung out with us.

He inherited this place from his mother, and she privatized it back in the 90s. Then this uncle decided to sell the territory. Apparently, he was tired of serving her — painting, laying asphalt, and so on.

Some shady guys from Murmansk bought the space. They used to be in the container business.

Sergei and I called them bandits. They started tightening the screws: first, they doubled the rent — instead of 35,000 R, we began to pay 70,000 R. Then they started asking for money for a parking space, for a car to enter the center. In the end, they decided to do a major overhaul in all the premises — Sergei and I were drilled literally over our heads, and the bricks fell on the floor of our workshop.

One morning we came to the workshop and saw a flood — electric machines were standing in the water. We were constantly arguing with the new owners. And in September 2021, they said they were evicting us. They gave me two months to move. We were in shock: we had orders hanging, and instead we had to urgently look for a new place.

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The search was further hampered by a fire at the Neva Manufactory. Then the carpentry shops burned down and hundreds of offices were looking for new workshops. When we called the factories, they told us that we were late and all the premises were occupied.

In two months we traveled to a lot of places, but stopped at a workshop on the territory of the Rigel battery plant, on Professor Popov Street. Sergei has worked here before. I just remembered this and offered Sergey to go to the plant and ask about the lease. We were given a room on the second floor — 118 m². The rent cost 68,000 R.

In the photo, I work at a jointer in a new workshop. And this is a paint booth outside

In general, it is very important for carpentry to be on the first floor, but we have a freight elevator in Rigel. He solves the problem of lifting equipment and removing furniture.

We did not work for two months, but at the same time we paid rent and also gave money for the transportation of machines to a new location. Again they hired a manipulator, loaders. Then, for a long time, they rebuilt the second floor in the workshop, connected the machines, sorted out the rubbish. The move cost R300,000, including rent, transportation of equipment and repairs.

Travel expenses from Peski

Total expenses

423 000 r

Transfer: car rental, manipulator, movers, simple production

232 000 R

Rent

136 000 000 R 9000

Crawled out of the financial hole

When we were turned away from the «Sands», we abandoned the remake and engaged only in restoration. Before that, we took restoration, for example, in 2014, we repaired the doors in Lidval’s apartment building on Petrogradka, old clocks, chests of drawers. But more time still took new furniture. Then I had a desire to invent products. When I had to close the financial hole after the move, there was no resource left for creativity.

We completed one large order for window replicas at Petrogradka in March. If they hadn’t moved, they could have finished it before the New Year. Along the way, they took small orders in order to partially pay the rent for the workshop and live on this money. This also affected the speed. While we were doing the little things, there was no one to fulfill a large order. At the same time, the client has already paid 50% of the total amount. We also used this money to pay rent and household needs. From the order for 500,000 R, Sergey and I took no more than 60,000 R for each.

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How do I restore old furniture? In restoration, we first take 50%, and then 25% for each stage.

Despite the fact that the order for window replicas was delayed, the client did not act up. On the contrary, we became friends. It was a guy from an IT company. Restoration is ordered mainly by young guys from this area who love and appreciate the historical heritage. Now there is little historical left even in St. Petersburg.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, people were afraid that bandits might break into their doors.

Therefore, they changed wooden front doors to strong metal ones.

The second reason why IT specialists order restoration is the high cost of the service. It is cheaper to install plastic windows than to repair a window or door. The guys from IT have money for this.

At the same time, we always tell you how to fix a door or window yourself. People do not always have the means for this, but there is a desire to preserve the heritage. We plan to launch courses in September, where we will tell you how to restore the object yourself.

/nekremniyevaya-dolina/

How much do IT people earn in Russia? At first, it was infuriating — he came every three days and checked the list of tasks and their readiness for his order. We were angry that he interfered with the work. Although, on the other hand, they understood that it was time for him to move to his apartment, where he made repairs. Therefore, he tried to get the order as soon as possible.

When we submitted this order, Sergey asked for help in setting up all the following processes. During the time that the client came to us, he managed to figure out what our work consists of. And he figured out how to optimize it, based on methods from IT. Why he decided to help us for free, he did not explain.

We decided that he liked our work and didn’t want us to end up in the ass again.

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If we talk in more detail about the system proposed by the guy, then now we work like this: we look at the object and isolate the operations that we will do with it. There are simple automated processes when you need to peel off paint, sand, putty, paint an object.

And there is the so-called creative core. According to the system we are currently working on, the creative core must be reduced to a minimum. To do this, we describe each stage — what it consists of and how much time it takes. I even took a window to work, set a timer and wrote down how much time it took me to do each operation with it. So I learned that it takes two days to remove the paint, and a day to sand it. Thanks to this, I can accurately predict how much work I will do by the end of the week.

We also began to write down where we are slipping and how we can improve the process. For example, if two orders require the same operations, I can execute them simultaneously or one after the other. So I save time, because I go to the machine less often, I don’t prepare twice for the same operation. That guy taught us how to prepare the workplace at the beginning of the working day. When all processes are systematized, it is easier and faster to work. And you get to earn more.

Now we meet with our assistant once every two weeks for two hours, and before that we complete all the sprint tasks. During meetings, we discuss what we managed to do, where the process broke down. We are discussing how it can be adjusted, accelerated. He does not dictate to us what to do. We just analyze together and discuss improvements. For example, recently Sergey and I started a folder with projects on our laptop. They described at what stages the projects are, what else needs to be done on them.

We also started using the system of stickers for current projects — we write down which project has not yet been started, which one is in progress and which one has already been completed. This is convenient because it frees up space in the head — we do not need to randomly remember what happens with this or that project.

When he made us do all this, we got terribly angry. Now we are grateful to the guy. The planning system and his order literally saved us.

We fulfill orders for restoration three months or more in advance

If the order is for six months, then we divide it into stages. The first one is closed in three months. In total, we now have three large orders, not counting the small ones that we do in a week.

In the summer we restore windows, because they need to be put back in place in a dry, warm time. And we deal with doors in winter. We have a team of installers. When we remove windows, a window frame remains inside and outside. The one on the outside also needs to be restored. We restore window frames in the workshop, and the guys at the facility restore the frame and window sill. It’s the same with doors. Sometimes they are asked to take them out entirely. Then we take the door and architraves to the workshop, and the team takes care of the opening.

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We conditionally divide the stages of work into «creative» and «mechanical». In the creative part, we meet with a new task and think about how to solve it. Here you need to turn on your ingenuity, perhaps discuss the process with a friend. For example, in the restoration of doors there is a stage of sealing old locks and handles. We pull out the old lock, clean it and decide whether to leave it or replace it with a new one. Then we prepare the base for a new castle. Then we remove the dilapidated part of the tree with a milling cutter, inserting a direct embedment, and select the fibers so that they match the previous material.

Simple automated processes such as cleaning a door or window, removing old paint, sanding with a grinder. So the object becomes smooth. Then we putty the product, sand it again, primer, paint.

We put on special protection for painting products. Enamels for painting contain acetone, and it stinks terribly and corrodes the nasal mucosa and lungs. We have respirators, painting suits, which we call caspers because we look like ghosts in them. If we paint by hand, we use only a respirator for protection.

After painting, we cut out and insert fittings — locks, handles, hinges. We clean the hinges, lubricate and put in place. Locks are often replaced with new ones. You can sort them out, but it will not be reliable. As a rule, we leave old pens. But keep in mind: to insert an old handle into a new lock, you will have to spend more time.

How much does repair and restoration cost?

Sergei is responsible for estimates in the workshop. In a remake, it is not difficult to calculate the cost price, because the cost of materials is clear, all operations and labor hours are clear. In restoration, everything is different — there are some basic understandable things, such as the dismantling of windows or doors, sanding. But sometimes you need to buy additional materials, think about how to properly handle the lock, how to paint the product.

It turns out that the calculation here is primarily based on labor hours and money that we want to earn per day. We also focus on the market, where there are already established prices. True, we often encounter dumping. Someone offers to restore the door leaf for 40,000 R. This is unrealistic. Either it will be very long, or of poor quality. We have 80,000 R to repair a small door. The price for window restoration is from RUR 100,000.0003

It also happens that low-quality repairs are passed off as restoration. They will repair the door, paint it and say that it is a restoration. But still, restoration requires knowledge of the material, proper selection and handling of it.

Restoration is domestic and museum. We are engaged in the first type of restoration. The windows and doors we fix are basically a utility item. Therefore, unlike museum restoration, the priority for us is not so much the preservation of original materials as the functionality of the product. Roughly speaking, the main thing for us is that the windows do not blow through.

Household window and door restoration can use new wood, unlike museum wood. In the museum, as a rule, wood of the same time as the source is used. To do this, they are looking for donor products. They can be old doors that people find in the garbage. We also sometimes resort to «donors».

During the restoration of doors, we put a small piece of paper in the lock. We write our names on it, how much vodka and tobacco cost now.

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This is a message to future restorers. We have inherited this tradition from the restorers of the past. We ourselves found papers with prices for alcohol and cigarettes in the door. Sergey somehow found a piece of paper in one product, where the master wrote that the thickness of the veneer was 0.6 millimeters. They warned future restorers to grind more carefully.

It is difficult to estimate the time

The main difficulty in restoration is to find recipes for old technologies that used to be used, for example, to make paint or putty. We encountered this problem when glazing windows with putty.

I needed to find a putty recipe to put glass on it. Now no one glazes windows with putty. Therefore, I had to look for a recipe in electronic archives. When we found it, we realized that we did not have the necessary materials to mix the putty on our own. Ordering from abroad will cost a pretty penny.

Then I found putty in Omsk. First, I looked on the Internet for all the factories that work with such plants. I read the ingredients on the labels. I couldn’t find the phone of the plant I needed, but I looked up the IP of its owner and through the phone book went to his number. I contacted him directly, asked him to send us two boxes of putty via SDEK.

Glazing the window with window putty The same process — close-up

Even during restoration, it is difficult to estimate how long the work will take. For example, a historic door can be covered with ten coats of paint. It may take a month to remove everything. In this case, we call the customer and warn him that we are behind the schedule.

After February 24, problems with materials began. There are fewer of them, suppliers have sold out the leftovers, and there are no new deliveries. European components disappeared from the market. For the restoration of windows, we used Tikkurila paints — they are no longer available, although we have a factory near St. Petersburg. But now, they say, they are establishing relations with Indian manufacturers. In March, we bought as many colors as we could. When the stocks run out, we don’t know what we will replace the paint with. Russian paints do not like the quality.

Consumables are also getting more expensive. If earlier we bought a skin for 600 R, now it costs 1500 R. Therefore, we raised the price of our work by about 20%.

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We receive orders through word of mouth

It is difficult for the naked eye to tell how well one restoration work is done compared to another. Conventionally, when you see a friend’s new sneakers, you understand whether you like them visually and functionally or not. And in restoration, the final product can be with some kind of historical curvature — then it is not clear to a non-specialist, this master did not try to correct it, or this is how it was intended.

Therefore, it is not easy for people to choose which company to contact. Many of our customers, when buying an apartment in the center of St. Petersburg, start blogging about repairs. In it they talk about contractors. Including mention us. This is how we manage to get new orders.

I also run the workshop’s Instagram, it’s called «Arrow Partnership». We tried to invest in it and run ads to get orders. It didn’t work well. People wrote to us who were not ready to pay for restoration. When they found out the cost, they immediately fell off.

The Instagram social network is owned by Meta, an organization whose activities are recognized as extremist and banned on the territory of the Russian Federation

If we made kitchens, we would probably invest a lot of money in advertising, and this would give a result. And in restoration, we do not need to deal with a bunch of small orders every month. We need one big order for six months. He will feed us. To get such an order, word of mouth works well — past customers willingly recommend us to their friends.

For cultural and educational purposes, I maintain an account p.a.r.a.d.k.a. I post the doors of St. Petersburg there and sometimes write my opinion about it. After I began to immerse myself in restoration, the doors became my obsession. I pass by a door or an entrance group and try to assess whether it is old or new. Then I go to the Citywalls website, dedicated to the architecture of St. Petersburg, and compare whether the original details are left, how accurately the restoration was carried out.

I upload photos taken on my phone to my account. Interest in them is shown mainly by foreigners. In the photo — the profitable house of Nezhinskaya on Zakharyevskaya street And this is the profitable house of Nelgovskaya on the same street

In truth, there are 141 subscribers there so far. But I try to keep it regular, post something every other day. In the actual separate block there are photographs of newspapers that used to be glued under the wallpaper. It turns out a kind of cultural layer — this traces the continuity of generations. Often, when we are doing restoration in the old fund, I see newspapers from different times under the wallpaper — tsarist, early USSR, perestroika. In my opinion, this is very interesting. I can feel the history of the city where I was born.

We want restorers to share their experience more and more willingly. In St. Petersburg, this is a closed community, where everyone is shaking for their achievements and is not ready to transfer knowledge. Sergey and I believe that knowledge should be shared.