Conjunction paragraph: Using the Right Conjunctions in Writing

Conjunctions and Transitions — English Grammar Guide

Conjunctions and Transitions — English Grammar Guide — Grammatica inglese

Conjunctions and Transitions are used to connect ideas, paragraphs and sentences.

Conjunctions and Transitions are used to connect ideas, paragraphs and sentences. Without these forms, fluent writing and speech would be much more difficult. Although most native speakers are aware of the grammatical differences, transitions and conjunctions are used in different ways, even if the same word can be used as either a transition or a conjunction.

Transitional phrases follow a full stop and form a new sentence. Transitional phrases are also separated from the following sentence by a comma.

Showing consequences or effects	Adding Information	Exemplifying	Generalizing	Emphasizing	Summarizing	Comparison	Contrast
As a result	In addition	For instance	Generally	Above all	In the end	Similarly	However
Consequently	Furthermore	In particular	On the whole	Especially	Overall	Likewise	On the other hand
Therefore	Likewise	Specifically	Generally speaking	In fact	All things considered	Despite that	On the contrary
For this reason	Finally	As an illustration	As a rule	Of course	All in all	In the same way	Regardless

Examples:

• Susan told her boss she was pregnant. As a result, he dismissed her two weeks later. (Consequence)

• The handsome millionaire Paul Ryder is looking for a new wife after his divorce. However, he is very unfriendly. (Contrast)

• Generally, Politicians are honest. However, the job also attracts many dishonest people. (Generalisation and Contrast)

• It was snowing outside. Despite that, we decided to take the dog for a walk. (Comparison)

Coordinating Conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction is used in a sentence and follows a comma. It is used to join two clauses.

Common conjunctions:

• And : Used to add information

• But : Used to show a contrast

• So : Used to show a consequence or effect

• Or : Used to show a choice or alternative

Examples:

• We all know smoking is bad for our health, but many people smoke anyway.

• He studied very hard this year, so he passed the exam easily.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions are used to create complex sentences. A subordinating conjunction does not need to be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. They can be used at the start of a sentence, or in the middle. When a subordinating conjunction is used at the start of a sentence its meaning (or strength) is emphasized. When the conjunction is used in the middle of a sentence its meaning is weaker.

Examples:

• Although we all know smoking is bad for our health, many people still smoke.

• Many people still smoke despite knowing smoking is bad for their health.

• They went out for a walk despite the cold wind.

• Despite the cold wind, they went out for a walk.

• The students passed their exams because they had studied hard.

• Because the students had studied hard, they passed their exams easily.

There are too many conjunctions and transitions to list them all here. However, the table below contains some of the more common forms.

Function	Conjunctions and Transitions
Addition	Also, Again, And, And then, As well as, Besides, Coupled with, Equally important, First, Finally, Furthermore, In addition, In the first place, Last, Likewise, Moreover, Next, Plus, Second, Still, Too
Concession	Accordingly, Granted, Naturally, Of course
Consequence	Accordingly, As a result, Consequently, For this reason, For this purpose, Hence, Otherwise, So then, Subsequently, Therefore, Thus, Thereupon, Wherefore
Contrast and Comparison	Although, Also, And yet, (But) at the same time, Despite, Despite that, Even so, Even though, For all that, However, In contrast, In spite of, In the same way, Instead, Likewise, Nevertheless, Notwithstanding, On the contrary, On the other hand, Otherwise, Regardless, Similarly, Still, Though, Yet
Direction	Above, Beyond, Here, In the distance, Nearly, Opposite, Over there, There, To the left, To the right, Under
Diversion	By the way, Incidentally
Emphasis	Above all, Chiefly, Certainly, Especially, Indeed, In fact, Of course, Particularly
Example — Illustration	After all, As an illustration, Even, For example, For instance, In conclusion, Indeed, In fact, In other words, In short, It is true, Of course, Namely, Specifically, That is, To illustrate, Thus
Exception	Aside from, Barring, Besides, Except, Excepting, Excluding, Exclusive of, Other than, Outside of, Save
Generalizing	As a rule, As usual, For the most part, Generally, Generally speaking, Ordinarily, Usually
Reiteration	In essence, In other words, Namely, That is, That is to say, In short, In brief, To put it differently
Summary	All in all, Altogether, As has been said, Finally, In brief, In conclusion, In other words, In particular, In short, In simple terms, In summary, On the whole, That is, Therefore, To put it differently, To summarize
Sequence	After a while, Afterwards, Again, Also, And then, As long as, At last, At length, At that time, Before, Besides, Earlier, Eventually, Finally, Formerly, Further, Furthermore, In addition, In the first place, In the past, Last, Lately, Meanwhile, Moreover, next, Now, Presently, Previously, Prior to, Second, Shortly, Simultaneously, Since, So far, Soon, Still, Subsequently, Then, Thereafter, Too, Until, Until now, When

Writer’s Web: Transitional Words and Phrases

Transitional Words and Phrases Updated lists by Joanna Taraba (printable version here) This page only provides a list of transitional words; be certain you understand their meanings before you use them. Often, there exists a slight, but significant, difference between two apparently similar words. Also remember that while transitions describe relationships between ideas, they do not automatically create relationships between ideas for your reader. Use transitions with enough context in a sentence or paragraph to make the relationships clear. Example of unclear transition: The characters in Book A face a moral dilemma. In the same way, the characters in Book B face a similar problem. Improved transition: The characters in Book A face a moral dilemma, a contested inheritance. Although the inheritance in Book B consists of an old house and not a pile of money, the nature of the problem is quite similar. Examples of Transitions: Illustration Thus, for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in other words, in particular, specifically, such as. Contrast On the contrary, contrarily, notwithstanding, but, however, nevertheless, in spite of, in contrast, yet, on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely, at the same time, while this may be true. Addition And, in addition to, furthermore, moreover, besides, than, too, also, both-and, another, equally important, first, second, etc., again, further, last, finally, not only-but also, as well as, in the second place, next, likewise, similarly, in fact, as a result, consequently, in the same way, for example, for instance, however, thus, therefore, otherwise. Time After, afterward, before, then, once, next, last, at last, at length, first, second, etc., at first, formerly, rarely, usually, another, finally, soon, meanwhile, at the same time, for a minute, hour, day, etc. , during the morning, day, week, etc., most important, later, ordinarily, to begin with, afterwards, generally, in order to, subsequently, previously, in the meantime, immediately, eventually, concurrently, simultaneously. Space At the left, at the right, in the center, on the side, along the edge, on top, below, beneath, under, around, above, over, straight ahead, at the top, at the bottom, surrounding, opposite, at the rear, at the front, in front of, beside, behind, next to, nearby, in the distance, beyond, in the forefront, in the foreground, within sight, out of sight, across, under, nearer, adjacent, in the background. Concession Although, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that, while it may be true, in spite of, of course. Similarity or Comparison Similarly, likewise, in like fashion, in like manner, analogous to. Emphasis Above all, indeed, truly, of course, certainly, surely, in fact, really, in truth, again, besides, also, furthermore, in addition. Details Specifically, especially, in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in detail, namely, including. Examples For example, for instance, to illustrate, thus, in other words, as an illustration, in particular. Consequence or Result So that, with the result that, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, for this reason, therefore, so, because, since, due to, as a result, in other words, then. Summary Therefore, finally, consequently, thus, in short, in conclusion, in brief, as a result, accordingly. Suggestion For this purpose, to this end, with this in mind, with this purpose in mind, therefore. Back to ‘Focusing/Connecting Ideas’ Writer’s Web | Writing Center | Make an Appointment | Library Copyright Info

Linking words and paragraphs — Microsoft Support

Documents often look better when certain words or paragraphs appear together on the page (before or after breaks). You can also add hyphens to text to make it easier to read.

Word automatically wraps text to the next line if you enter a space or hyphen at the end of the current line. If you want to display two words or a compound word with a hyphen on the same line, use a non-breaking space or non-breaking hyphen instead of regular characters. nine0003

1. org/ListItem»>

   Click where you want to insert a non-breaking space.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click the Symbol button.

3. In the menu that appears, select Other symbols . nine0003

4. In the Symbol dialog box, on the Special characters tab, select Non-breaking space and click the Insert button.

5. org/ListItem»>

   Press button Close .

   Tip: You can also use a special keyboard shortcut for the same effect. Click where you want to insert a non-breaking space, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR. nine0003

Sometimes you want a hyphenated word to appear on one line instead of wrapping to another line.

1. Click where you want to insert a non-breaking space.

2. In tab Insert in group Symbols press the button Symbol .

3. org/ListItem»>

   In the menu that appears, select Other symbols .

4. In the Symbol dialog box, on the tab Special characters , select Non-breaking hyphen and click Insert .

5. Press button Close .

   Tip: You can also use a special keyboard shortcut for the same effect. Click where you want to insert a non-breaking hyphen, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+MINUS SIGN.

nine0004

Word automatically breaks paragraphs at the end of a page, so paragraphs that start on one page often continue on the next. If you want the entire paragraph to be displayed on one page, do this:

1. Right-click the paragraph you want to display on one page. From the context menu, select Paragraph .

nine0008

In the Paragraph dialog box, click the Position tab on page .

2. In the Pagination section , select the keep with the next check box and click the OK button .

nine0002 If two consecutive paragraphs or a subheading and paragraph are closely related, it may be necessary to display them on the same page.

1. Right-click the paragraph or subheading that you want to display on the page, along with subsequent context. From the context menu, select Paragraph .

2. In dialog box Paragraph go to tab Position on page .

3. In the Pagination section , select the keep with the next check box and click the OK button .

   Tip: It’s best not to add extra line breaks between paragraphs: each such character is considered the start of a new paragraph in Word, so if they are present, page breaks may not appear as expected. If you want to insert spaces between paragraphs use the edit controls paragraph spacing . For more information, see Change the spacing between paragraphs.

The last line of a paragraph, which is displayed on the next page due to a break, is called the «top hanging line». In turn, the first line of a paragraph, which is located at the bottom of the previous page due to a break, is called the «bottom hanging line».

If you want to exclude such lines from your document, do the following.

1. Right-click the desired paragraph. From the context menu, select Paragraph .

2. org/ListItem»>

   Click the Position tab on page .

3. nine0002 In section Pagination , check the box disable orphan lines .

4. Press button OK .

If a word does not fit on a line, Microsoft Office Word 2007 wraps it to the beginning of the next line instead of inserting a hyphen. However, you can automatically or manually hyphenate text, insert soft hyphens or non-breaking hyphens, and set the maximum distance between a word and the right margin at which a word will not hyphenate. nine0003

When using automatic hyphenation, Office Word 2007 automatically inserts hyphens where they are needed. If you later edit the document and change the line breaks, Office Word 2007 will re-hyphenate.

1. Make sure no text is selected.

2. nine0002 On the Page layout tab, in the Page setup group, click the Hyphenation button and select the value Automatic .

Soft hyphenation determines where a word or phrase will hyphenate if it does not fit on a line. For example, you can specify that the word «non-printable» should be wrapped as «non-printable» rather than «non-printable». If a soft hyphen is inserted in a word that is not at the end of a line, the hyphen will only be displayed if you press the 9 button0014 Show or hide .

1. On the Home tab , in the Paragraph group, click the Show or hide button.

2. Click the word where you want to insert a soft hyphen.

nine0008

Press CTRL+HYPHEN.

To automatically hyphenate parts of a document, do the following:

org/ItemList»>

1. Select the text in which you want to hyphenate.

2. nine0002 On the Page layout tab, in the Page setup group, click the Hyphenation button and select the value Automatic .

When you hyphenate manually, Office Word 2007 looks for words that require hyphenation. When you specify where to add hyphens, Word inserts soft hyphens. If you later modify the document and change line breaks, Office Word 2007 displays and prints only the optional hyphens that are still at the end of lines. Word does not hyphenate the document again. nine0003

1. org/ListItem»>

   Select the text in which you want to hyphenate.

2. On the Page layout tab, in the Page setup group, click the Hyphenation button and select the value Manual .

3. nine0002 If Office Word finds a word or phrase that you want to add a hyphen to, do one of the following:

   • To insert a soft hyphen at the suggested location, press the button Yes .

   • org/ListItem»>

     To insert a soft hyphen at another part of the word, move the insertion point to the desired location and press the 9 button0014 Yes .

Non-breaking hyphens prevent hyphenated words and numbers from wrapping at the end of a line. For example, you can prevent a carryover in the number 555-0123; instead, the entire number will move to the beginning of the next line.

1. Click the location where you want to insert a non-breaking hyphen. nine0003

2. Press CTRL+SHIFT+HYPHEN.

The word wrap zone is the maximum distance between a word and the right margin at which it does not wrap. You can adjust the width of the hyphenation zone. To reduce the number of hyphens, expand the hyphenation zone. To make the edge of the right margin more even, make the hyphenation area narrower. nine0003

1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click the Hyphenation button and select the value Hyphenation Options .

2. In field Wrap zone width , enter the desired value.

nine0050

You can remove all automatic hyphens and each of the manually added hyphens, ie soft hyphens and non-breaking hyphens.

1. To remove manually added hyphens, on the Home tab , in the Editing group, select the Replace command.

   nine0011

2. If the button Special is not displayed, press the button Greater than .

3. Click the Special button and click Soft hyphen or Non-breaking hyphen .

4. org/ListItem»>

   Field Replace with leave blank.

5. Press button Find next , Replace or Replace all .

See also

Line and page breaks

nine0002
Insert a page break

Change spacing between paragraphs

I. General provisions \ ConsultantPlus

This document is included in the list of legal acts that are not subject to the requirement to cancel from 01/01/2021, established by the Federal Law of 07/31/2020 N 247-FZ (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12/31/2020 N 2467).

I. General Provisions

1. These Rules govern the relationship between the subscriber and (or) user of telephone services and the telecom operator in the provision of local, intrazonal, intercity and international telephone communication services in the public communication network, as well as in the provision of services mobile radio communications, mobile radiotelephone communications services and mobile satellite radio communications services (hereinafter referred to as mobile communications) in a public communications network (hereinafter referred to as telephone communications services). nine0003

2. The following concepts are used in these Rules:

«subscriber» — a user of telephone services with whom a contract for the provision of telephone services has been concluded when a subscriber number or a unique identification code is allocated for these purposes;

«subscriber line» — a communication line connecting the user (terminal) equipment with the terminal element of the communication network;

«subscriber number» — a telephone number that uniquely identifies (identifies) a terminal element of a communication network or a subscriber station (subscriber device) connected to a mobile communication network with an identification module installed in it (in it); nine0003

«subscriber station (subscriber device)» — user (terminal) equipment connected to a mobile communication network;

«intrazone telephone connection» — a telephone connection between user (terminal) equipment connected to the local telephone network and located within the territory of the same subject of the Russian Federation, or a telephone connection between user (terminal) equipment connected to the local telephone network telephone communication, and user (terminal) equipment connected to a mobile network, when the corresponding subscriber of this mobile network is allocated a subscriber number included in the resource of a geographically undefined numbering zone assigned to the same subject of the Russian Federation; nine0003

«call» — actions performed by a subscriber or user of telephone services in order to establish a connection of their user (terminal) equipment with user (terminal) equipment of another subscriber or user of telephone services or with a terminal element of a telephone network, and a set of operations, generated by these actions in the telecommunication network;

«additional subscriber number» — a telephone number that uniquely defines (identifies) the hardware and software of the communication center of the local telephone network, allowing forwarding of incoming calls; nine0003

«telephone connection billing unit» — the duration of a telephone connection, for the provision of which a subscriber or user of telephone services is charged a fee equal to the tariff established for this type of connection;

«service area of ​​the local telephone network» — the territory within which the user (terminal) equipment is connected or can be connected by a subscriber line with a communication center that is part of the local telephone network of the telecom operator; nine0003

«mobile telephone network service area» — the territory where the telecom operator provides the ability to connect a subscriber station (subscriber unit) to a mobile network;

the paragraph is no longer valid. — Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 3, 2018 N 1310;

(see the text in the previous edition)

«telephone service payment card» — an information carrier used to inform the telecom operator of information about payment (prepayment) for telephone services or payphones; nine0003

«telephone network operator selection code» — a number or combination of numbers dialed by a subscriber and (or) user of local telephone services to select a long distance and international telephone network operator;

«short text message» — a message consisting of letters and (or) symbols and intended for transmission over a telephone network;

«personal account» — an entry in the automated settlement system of a telecom operator that serves to record the volume of telephone services rendered, the receipt and expenditure of funds contributed to pay for services; nine0003

«local telephone connection» — a telephone connection between user (terminal) equipment connected to the local telephone network and located within the territory of the same municipal district, urban settlement, rural settlement, federal city;

«intercity telephone connection» — a telephone connection between user (terminal) equipment connected to the local telephone network and located within the territory of various constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or a telephone connection between user (terminal) equipment connected to the local telephone network in within the territory of one subject of the Russian Federation, and user (terminal) equipment connected to a mobile network, when the corresponding subscriber of this mobile network is assigned a subscriber number included in the resource of a geographically undefined numbering zone assigned to another subject of the Russian Federation; nine0003

«international telephone connection» — a telephone connection between user (terminal) equipment, when one user (terminal) equipment is connected to the local telephone network and located within the territory of the Russian Federation, and the other user (terminal) equipment is located outside the territory of the Russian Federation Federation, or a telephone connection between the user (terminal) equipment connected to the local telephone network within the territory of the Russian Federation, and the user (terminal) equipment connected to the mobile network, when the corresponding subscriber of this mobile network is assigned a subscriber number that is not included to the numbering resource assigned to the Russian Federation; nine0003

«telephone service user» — a person who orders and (or) uses telephone services;

«donor operator» — a mobile operator from whose communication network a subscriber number is transferred;

«operator-recipient» — a mobile operator, to whose communication network a subscriber number is transferred;

«transfer of a subscriber number» — a set of organizational and technical measures that allow a subscriber to whom a subscriber number has been allocated on the basis of a contract for the provision of mobile communication services, to keep and use this subscriber number when concluding a new contract with another telecom operator, subject to the conditions established by these the Rules; nine0003

«provision of access to communication services provided by another telecom operator» — provision by one telecom operator of the possibility of receiving by its subscriber of communication services provided by another telecom operator;

«providing access to a local telephone network» — a set of actions of a telecom operator of a local telephone network to form a subscriber line and connect user (terminal) equipment with its help to a communication center of a local telephone network in order to ensure the provision of telephone services to a subscriber; nine0003

«roaming» — provision by a telecom operator of an opportunity for a subscriber using an identification module to use mobile services provided by another telecom operator with which the subscriber has not concluded an agreement on the provision of mobile services;

«co-subscribers» — citizens residing in a communal apartment who authorized one of the residents of this apartment to conclude a contract for the provision of telephone services, providing for the collective use of user (terminal) equipment; nine0003

«mobile network connection» — a telephone connection between a subscriber station (subscriber unit) connected to a mobile network and user (terminal) equipment connected to a local telephone network, or a subscriber station (subscriber unit) connected to mobile communication networks;

«broadcast message» — a message intended to be transmitted simultaneously to all users of mobile services located in the territory determined by the telecom operator; nine0003

«tariff plan» — a set of price conditions on which the telecom operator offers to use one or more telephone services;

«telephone number» — a sequence of decimal digits that meets the requirements established in the Russian system and numbering plan or in the international public telecommunications numbering plan, containing information necessary to make a call in the telephone network;

«telephone connection» — an interaction between means of communication established as a result of a call, allowing a subscriber and (or) user of telephone services to transmit and (or) receive voice and (or) non-voice information; nine0003

«technical possibility of providing access to the local telephone network» — the simultaneous presence of an unused installed capacity of a communication center, in the coverage area of ​​​​which the user (terminal) equipment is requested to connect to the local telephone network, and unused communication lines, allowing the formation of a subscriber communication line between communication node and this user (terminal) equipment;

«technical ability to provide telephone services using an additional subscriber number» — availability of unused communication facilities that allow the local telephone network operator to forward incoming calls; nine0003

«technical feasibility of providing mobile communication services» — the presence of functioning technical means and facilities of mobile communication in the service area of ​​the mobile communication network of the telecom operator necessary for the provision of mobile communication services to the subscriber;

«telephone communication network communication center» — means of communication that perform the functions of switching systems.

3. The relationship of the telecom operator with the subscriber and (or) user of telephone services (hereinafter referred to as the user) arising from the provision of telephone services on the territory of the Russian Federation shall be carried out in Russian. nine0003

4. The telecom operator is obliged to ensure the secrecy of telephone conversations transmitted over communication networks.

Restriction of the right to secrecy of telephone conversations transmitted over communication networks is allowed only in cases provided for by federal laws.

Information about telephone conversations transmitted over communication networks may be provided only to subscribers or their authorized representatives, unless otherwise provided by federal laws.

Information about a citizen subscriber that became known to the telecom operator by virtue of the execution of an agreement on the provision of telephone services, including the provision of local, intrazonal, intercity and international telephone services in the public communications network, as well as the provision of mobile communications services in the public communications network use (hereinafter referred to as the contract), may be used by the telecom operator to provide reference and other information services or transferred to third parties only with the written consent of this subscriber, except as otherwise provided by federal laws. nine0003

The consent of a citizen subscriber to the processing of his personal data for the purpose of making payments by the telecom operator for the rendered communication services, as well as considering claims is not required.

5. For certain categories of officials of public authorities, diplomatic and consular representatives of foreign states, representatives of international organizations, as well as certain categories of citizens, advantages may be established in the order and order of using telephone services. nine0003

Categories of officials and citizens who are entitled to benefits in the provision of telephone services are determined by international treaties of the Russian Federation, legislative acts of the Russian Federation and legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

6. The telecom operator provides the subscriber and (or) the user with the opportunity to use telephone services 24 hours a day, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

7. The provision of telephone services may be accompanied by the provision by the telecom operator of other services that are technologically inextricably linked with telephone services and aimed at increasing their consumer value, subject to the requirements provided for by legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. nine0003

The list of other services technologically inextricably linked with communication services aimed at increasing the consumer value of communication services that the telecom operator can provide to the subscriber and (or) user is determined by the telecom operator independently.

8. In case of emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature, the telecom operator, in accordance with the procedure determined by legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, is obliged to provide the subscriber and (or) user of telephone communication services to the entitled subscriber and (or) user of telephone communication services on a priority basis, and also has the right to temporarily stop or restrict the provision of telephone services. nine0003

9. The telecom operator, in accordance with the procedure established by the legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, must ensure the transmission of warning signals and emergency information about the dangers arising from the threat or occurrence of natural and man-made emergencies, as well as during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, on the rules of behavior of the population and the need for protective measures (hereinafter, respectively, notification, emergency notification message). nine0003

Paragraphs two — three are no longer valid. — Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2020 N 2322.

(see the text in the previous edition)

Notification is free of charge for users of communication services. Refusal of the user of communication services from receiving an emergency notification message is not allowed.

10. The telecom operator must provide a free call:

emergency operational services to each user of communication services by dialing a single call number for emergency operational services, as well as a call number for the corresponding emergency operational services established in accordance with the Russian system and numbering plan; nine0003

of the unified service of operational assistance to citizens by the number established in accordance with the Russian system and numbering plan.